Papers

QS was invented in Chile in 1977, and has undergone rigorous scientific study, producing scores of peer reviewed articles attesting to its safety and efficacy. In clinical trials globally, more than 200,000 women in 50 countries have chosen QS as their method of permanent contraception, with no serious side effects and no deaths reported.

Here are 45 peer-reviewed publications on the QS method:

1. Lippes, Jack, (2015) Quinacrine sterilization (QS): time for reconsideration, Contraception, Volume 92, Issue 2, 91–95, DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.005

2. Stephen D. Mumford, (2021) What happened to quinacrine non-surgical female sterilization? Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 124, August 2021, 104968, DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104968

3. Judith K. Jones, Arlene Tave, John C. Pezzullo, Sharon Kardia & Jack Lippes (2017) Long-term risk of reproductive cancer among Vietnamese women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system vs. intrauterine devices or tubal ligation for contraception, The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 22:2, 123-130, DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2017.1285880

4. Judith K. Jones, Arlene Tave, John C. Pezzullo, Sharon Kardia & Jack Lippes (2018) Long-term risk of hysterectomy and ectopic pregnancy among Vietnamese women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system vs. intrauterine devices or tubal ligation for contraception, The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 23:2, 105-115, DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1449823

5. Ernest E. McConnell, Jack Lippes, Roger G. Growe, Patricia Fail, Michael I. Luster, Errol Zeiger, (2010) An alternative interpretation of, “A lifetime cancer bioassay of quinacrine administered into the uterine horns of female rats”, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 56, Issue 2, Pages 166-173, ISSN 0273-2300, DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.007

6. Joseph K. Haseman, Roger G. Growe, Errol Zeiger, Ernest E. McConnell, Michael I. Luster, Jack Lippes, (2015) A critical examination of the mode of action of quinacrine in the reproductive tract in a 2-year rat cancer bioassay and its implications for human clinical use, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 71, Issue 3, Pages 371-378, ISSN 0273-2300, DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.006

7. Roger G. Growe, Michael I. Luster, Patricia A. Fail, Jack Lippes, (2013) Quinacrine-induced occlusive fibrosis in the human fallopian tube is due to a unique inflammatory response and modification of repair mechanisms, Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Volume 97, Issue 2, Pages 159-166, ISSN 0165-0378, DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.12.003

8. Lippes, J. (2002), Quinacrine sterilization: the imperative need for American clinical trials. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 77, Issue 6, Pages 1106–1109, DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03089-3

9. Lippes, J., Brar, M., Gerbracht, K., Neff, P. and Kokkinakis, S. (2003), An FDA phase I clinical trial of quinacrine sterilization (QS). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S45-S49. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90089-0

10. Lippes, J. (2003), Forward. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S3-S5. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90083-X

11. Hieu, T., Vinh, Q., Tong K., Waszak C., Katz K., Hanenberg R., Sokal D., (1995), A Retrospective Study of Quinacrine Sterilization in Vietnam, Conducted by The Ministry of Health Hanoi, Vietnam, Presentation at the Quinacrine Sterilization Dissemination Meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, link

12. Jones, et al., (2012) Comparison of Long Term Cancer Risk Between Vietnamese Women Undergoing QS vs. IUD Contraceptive Procedures, 7th Asian Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology, October 26-28, 2012, Bengaluru, India, link

13. Lu, W. et al., (2012) Clinical Study on Female Non-Surgical Sterilization with Quinacrine, International Journal of Reproductive Health/Family Planning, Volume 31, Issue 2, link

14. Feldblum, Paul J. et al., (2012) Pelvic surgery and hospitalization among Chilean women after nonsurgical sterilization with quinacrine pellets between 1977 and 1989, Contraception, Volume 86, Issue 2, 106 – 109, 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.11.072

15. Sokal DC et al., (2010) Quinacrine sterilization and gynecologic cancers: a case-control study in northern Vietnam, Epidemiology, 2010 Mar;21(2):164-71. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181cb41c8

16. Sokal, David C. et al., (2009) Cancer risk after sterilization with transcervical quinacrine: updated findings from a Chilean cohort, Contraception, Volume 81, Issue 1, 75–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.07.006

17. David C. Sokal, Do Trong Hieu, Nguyen Dinh Loan, David Hubacher, Kavita Nanda, Debra H. Weiner, Trinh Huu Vach, (2008) Contraceptive effectiveness of two insertions of quinacrine: results from 10-year follow-up in Vietnam, Contraception, Volume 78, Issue 1, Pages 61-65, ISSN 0010-7824, DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.02.010

18. Agoestina, T. (2003), 8‐year follow‐up in a randomized trial of one vs two transcervival insertions of quinacrine pellets for sterilization in Indonesia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S129-S131. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90104-4

19. Alfonso, L. and Albano, H. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) experience in the Philippines: a preliminary report. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S121-S123. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90102-0

20. Alpizar, F. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Costa Rica: 694 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S141-S145. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90107-X

21. Bashir, A., Bashir, M. and Afzal, S. (2003), The effect of special training for quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a report on an 1833‐women subset of 11,000 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S67-S71. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90092-0

22. Bhatt, R. (2003), Quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization in Baroda, India: 23 years of follow‐up of 84 women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S31-S33. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90087-7

23. Bhattacharyya, S. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS): the ethical issues. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S13-S21. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90085-3

24. Bilgrami, M. and Shah, L. (2003), Marie Stopes Society, Pakistan: 1000 cases of quinacrine sterilization (QS). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S125-S127. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90103-2

25. El Mahaishi, M. and Azzidani, A. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization in Libya: 200 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S113-S115. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90100-7

26. El Sahwi, S., Kamel, M., El Faham, M. and El Makhzangy, I. (2003), Hysteroscopic and hysterosalpingographic study after intrauterine insertion of quinacrine pellets for non‐surgical sterilization: results in 180 women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S101-S106. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90098-1

27. Ferreira, C., Magalhães, D., Ferreira, D., Hanan, M. and Camargos, A. (2003), Quinacrine female nonsurgical sterilization (QS): endometrial assessment by vaginal ultrasonography in 128 women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S59-S66. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90091-9

28. Garabedian, V. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Syria: a preliminary report on 297 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S133-S135. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90105-6

29. Giugni Chalbaud, A. and Plaza Mora, G. (2003), Female sterilization with quinacrine using hysterosalpingography (HSG) as an endpoint after a single‐insertion protocol in Caracas, Venezuela. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S107-S111. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90099-3

30. Hieu, D., Luong, T., Anh, P., Ngoc, D. and Duong, L. (2003), The acceptability, efficacy and safety of quinacrine non‐surgical sterilization (QS), tubectomy and vasectomy in 5 provinces in the Red River Delta, Vietnam: a follow‐up of 15,190 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S77-S85. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90094-4

31. Hieu, D. and Luong, T. (2003), The rate of ectopic pregnancy for 24,589 quinacrine sterilization (QS) users compared to users of other methods and no method in 4 provinces in Vietnam, 1994–1996. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S35-S43. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90088-9

32. Lu, W. , Zhu, J. , Zhong, C. and Zhao, Y. (2003), A comparison of quinacrine sterilization (QS) and surgical sterilization (TL) in 600 women in Guizhou Province, China. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S51-S58. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90090-7

33. Pal, S. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization of 1997 women in Daharpur, Midnapore, West Bengal, India: a comparison of 3 protocols. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S97-S100. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90097-X

34. Roy, A. (2003), A 22‐year experience with quinacrine sterilization in a rural private clinic in Midnapore, India: a report on 5 protocols and 1838 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S87-S91. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90095-6

35. Sarin, A. and Sarin, R. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) among high‐risk women: a study of 134 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S73-S76. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90093-2

36. Soroodi‐Moghaddam, S. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Iran and the use of HSG as a measure of success. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S93-S96. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90 96-8

37. Suhadi, A., Anwar, M. and Soejoenoes, A. (2003), 10‐year follow‐up of women who elected quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S137-S139. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90106-8

38. Whitney, R. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in a private practice in Daytona Beach, Florida: a preliminary report. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S117-S120. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90101-9

39. Informed Consent Working Group, (2003), Quinacrine sterilization (QS): Informed consent. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S147-S159. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90108-1

40. Zipper, J. and Trujillo, V. (2003), 25 years of quinacrine sterilization experience in Chile: review of 2,592 cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S23-S29. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90086-5

41. Zipper, J. and Kessel, E. (2003), Quinacrine sterilization: a retrospective. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 83: S7-S11. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(03)90084-1

42. Sarin AR, (1999) Quinacrine sterilization: experience among women at high risk for surgery., Adv Contracept. 15(3):175-8. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006757914435

43. Kessel, E Timmerman-Van. (1996) “100 000 quinacrine sterilizations. Advances in Contraception12:69-76. DOI: 10.1007/BF01849629

44. T Hieu, D & T Tan, T & N Tan, D & Nguyet, Pham & Than, P & Q Vinh, D. (1993). 31781 cases of non-surgical female sterilisation with quinacrine pellets in Vietnam. Lancet. 342. 213-7. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92302-A

45. Shelton, James D. et al., (1993) Non-surgical female sterilization, The Lancet, Volume 342, Issue 8875, 869 – 871, DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92732-9