An Unplanned Invention by Nicole Peradotto from the Spring 2011 issue of Buffalo Physician.
FIFTY YEARS AGO, JACK LIPPES, MD 1947, TRANSFORMED CONTRACEPTION FOR WOMEN
The year was 1960. John Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon for the presidency. Francis Gary Powers’ spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. At the movies, “Psycho” made audiences think twice about taking a shower.
And in Buffalo, Jack Lippes, MD ’47 the son of a bagel baker, literally cooked up the first models of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) that came to bear his name. With its signature double S-design, the Lippes Loop would emerge as the dominant IUD for two decades and the standard against which successors would be compared.
According to the inventor, the birth of the first mass-produced IUD in the United States was, well unplanned. Graduating from the UB School of Medicine in 1947, Lippes initially was attracted to the incipient field of infertility treatment, not birth control. When he established his practice in the early 1950s, he hadn’t even heard of IUDs.
A fateful trip to a downtown surgical supply store changed that. What’s more, it set in motion the research that would earn Lippes a spot in the annals of contraception and, for a time, make his a household name – in households that weren’t looking to expand, anyway.
“I went in a store in Allentown looking for equipment, and I found this old case along with descriptive booklet in German printed on yellowed paper,” recalls Lippes, UB professor emeritus of obstetrics-gynecology. Inside the case was a Grafenberg ring, an IUD invented by a Berlin physician in the 1920s and made of braided silkworm gut tied with silver wire.
“Here I had just finished my residency, and I thought I had been well educated in ob-gyn,” says Lippes. “This kind of hit me in the eye.”
Leaving the store, Lippes reflected on all of the patients he had encountered who had grown disenchanted with their birth control methods, which, at the time, were limited to a diaphragm or condoms. Could an IUD be a new option?
“It really piqued my interest because I realized that, once the device is in, the responsible act of parenthood becomes an act of deliberation. You actually have to go to the doctor, and have it removed to become pregnant,” Lippes says. “I thought, ‘What a terrific concept.’”
He was soon to learn that few of his peers shared his enthusiasm. Indeed, the medical establishment had been condemning IUDs since the 1930s. They continued to do so even as thousands of European and Japanese women used them and – although not without complications – evidence of their efficacy began to mount.
In “Devices and Desires” a history of contraceptives in America, author Andrea Tone describes the prevailing attitude of physicians of that era toward intrauterine contraception. “Linking IUDs to a tradition of female-controlled, illicit birth control, they blamed the (Grafenberg) ring’s surging popularity in the United States on the crass commercialization of “illegitimate faddists,” she writes.
Some 20 years later, that attitude hadn’t thawed. “Textbooks on gynecology at the time declared that IUDs were only worth mentioning in order to condemn them,” explains Lippes.
It was no surprise, therefore, that colleagues warned him he would be sued for malpractice if he provided IUDs to his patients.
As history can attest, their entreaties didn’t give the young physician pause. Throughout Lippes’ life, opposition frequently served a contrary purpose, emboldening rather than deflating him. His path to medical school is evidence of that.
MEDICAL EDUCATION AND MORE
Lippes interest in medicine was sparked by accident – a car accident, to be precise. After being hit by a car while crossing the road when he was 8 years old, he had the saphenous vein in his lower right leg stripped. “It was impressive to me,” Lippes recalls. “I thought that it must be wonderful to be able to heal people and make them better. That was my first inspiration.”
While a UB undergraduate, he told his family that he wanted to attend medical school. His father, however, was adamantly opposed. Several years prior, the school had rejected several of his older brothers’ friends – all topnotch students.
“My father didn’t even want me to try getting in knowing that my brother’s friends were heartbroken. He kept discouraging me, and I thought, ‘That’s a challenge.’”
By then, Lippes had enough experience in the family business to rule out bagels as his calling. Growing up in an apartment above the bakery, he sometimes woke at 4:30 a.m. to bag and deliver them. When his father began distributing cheesecakes, it fell to the youngest of his six children to trim, crumb and box the treats. (Eventually, Lippes oldest brother, forsaking an academic career at Cornell University, took over the bakery, becoming the first to successfully freeze bagels and eventually selling the business to Lender’s.)
With his father threatening to withhold medical school tuition, Lippes sought a part-time job to finance his own education. He found one at Bethlehem Steel on the labor gang. After a summer shoveling slag into a railroad car, he lost so much weight that his father relented. But with the world at war, it would be Uncle Sam footing the bill. Through the Army Specialized Training Program, the government financed the education of male medical students who enlisted as privates. In an effort to replace physicians drafted out of civilian life, medical students were placed on an accelerated, year-round academic track. Lippes, who entered medical school in 1944, graduated three years later.
After a rotating internship at E. J. Meyer Memorial Hospital (now Erie County Medical Center), he completed a one-year residency in general surgery at Buffalo General Hospital. “I thought I wanted to stick with general surgery, but I got interested in ob-gyn,” Lippes says. “At the time, people were just starting to treat women for infertility, and there was an endocrine aspect to gynecology. So, I thought ob-gyn was a way to combine interests.”
Lippes began his residency at Cleveland’s Lutheran Hospital, continuing his training at Chicago Maternity Center, a home delivery service. Working in Southside housing projects, he says he received more than a medical education. “I became aware of how the poor lived. There were these big mansions that had been converted into individual apartments. When I first entered them, I thought that one family lived in an apartment. Not so. There was a family in every bedroom.”
Depending on the time of his patient’s labor, Lippes might stay with her family all night. Alongside his medical supplies, he always carried a roll of newspapers. “I was told to do that because the cockroaches didn’t like the newsprint, so you spread them on the floor around your cot.”
After completing his residency at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, Lippes moved back to Buffalo, where he joined the staff of Buffalo General Hospital, accepting an instructorship at UB and establishing his private practice. When the Korean War broke out, he reenlisted and was sent to the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland, returning to his hometown two years later, in 1956.
A STRENGTHENED RESOLVE
During this time, Lippes worked at Planned Parenthood once a week. The organization was no longer subject to picketing by birth control opponents, as it had been in the 1920s and ‘30s. The Comstock Laws – which made it illegal to mail contraception or information about it through the mail – had been overturned in all but two states. Still, for many physicians, family planning remained a contentious issue.
“Even in the ‘50s, doctors would be reluctant to donate any time to Planned Parenthood. They still felt it was somewhat controversial, and ‘avoid controversy’ was the philosophy,” Lippes says, “But I went there because I thought it was a good idea and beneficial to the community. Most of the patients who came there were poor and could not afford a private doctor. I believed in birth control, and so I thought this was a cause that I should be involved in to help people. The $7.50 you made for an afternoon’s work didn’t mean anything to me.”
While a Planned Parenthood Lippes learned that the Buffalo branch’s first medical director, Milton Kahn, MD, had fitted dozens of his private patients with the Grafenberg ring, the same type of IUD he had discovered gathering dust in the surgical supply store. He called Kahn, who related that he had good results with them.
“I was fascinated,” recalls Lippes, “so I asked him why he stopped using them. He told me that everyone in the medical community was condemning them, so he called in all 53 patients and removed them.”
Rather than give him pause, the story made Lippes even more eager to introduce IUDs to his patients. “I read the IUD literature of the 1930s, and it just confirmed for me that the IUD had acquired a bad reputation under very poor scientific evidence,” he says. “I thought it was time to do something about it.”
A decade and a half before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began regulating medical devices, Lippes started making his own Grafenberg rings and fitting his patients, including his wife, Inez.
Delving into a study of IUDs, Lippes unearthed an abundance of Japanese articles on the subject – more than had been written about IUDs in the entire body of medical literature in the West. Soon thereafter, he began crafting and fitting patients with a Japanese-invented IUD, the Ota ring.
With both IUDs, Lippes found room for improvement. The lentil-shaped disc in the center of the Ota ring, for example, necessitated considerable dilation of the cervix, making it painful for patients and difficult to insert. To help remedy the problem, Lippes excised the center of the ring to ease removal. But because the device was round, it tended to rotate, winding the thread into the cervix or uterine cavity.
With each modification, it began to dawn on Lippes that improving the IUD required more than tweaks to existing designs. Rather, a wholesale redesign was in order. “It didn’t seem that a spiral or a ring was the right shape for an IUD,” he says. “The shape should accommodate the uterine cavity. That shape is a trapezoid. “I thought, ‘It has to be that.’”
BREAKTHROUGH DESIGN
As he embarked on creating a new IUD, Lippes asked the medical advisory committee at Planned Parenthood to grant him permission to continue his research under the organization’s auspices. At first, they declared IUDs outside the realm of standard medical practice and expressed reluctance to allow “radical” research; however, after a visit by Christopher Tietze, MD, director of the National Committee on Maternal Health, they decided to endorse him.
Shortly thereafter, Lippes traveled to Manhattan to meet with Herbert Hall, MD, one of Ernst Grafenberg’s associates, and Hans Lehfeldt, MD, chair of the research committee for the Planned Parenthood Federation. When Hall dismissed his secretary for the day and ushered Lippes into his consultation room, Lippes says he felt like he was “involved in some sort of conspiracy.”
“Furtively, Hall described how he and Grafenberg had inserted a stainless-steel modification of the Grafenberg ring into a number of celebrities from New York and Hollywood,” Lippes recalls. “Patients were sworn to secrecy, and Hall was on call 24 hours a day. He was reluctant to publish his excellent results for fear that his colleagues might disgrace him for what they considered a repudiated medical practice.”
Undeterred, Lippes set to work upon his return to Buffalo. His primary goals for a new IUD were twofold: to reduce the incidence of expulsions from the uterine cavity and to prevent the IUD from rotating. From that mission came the key insight: Since it would require more energy for the body to straighten out a “U” shape, the design should include as many U-turns as possible.
This became a guiding principle for the breakthrough design of the Lippes IUD: a double-S loop snaking the length of the uterine cavity.
From there, Lippes turned his attention to producing a steel mold for the loop. He received a grant to do so from the Population Council, the international nonprofit organization established by John D. Rockefeller III. Lippes’ work – developing inexpensive, effective contraception that provided long-lasting protection – was a perfect fit for the council. At the time, it was both documenting the large numbers of people in poor countries who lacked access to contraceptives, and conducting research to design and evaluate family planning programs.
In making the loop, Lippes enlisted the expertise of Paul Bronnenkant, an engineer who made plastic parts for jukeboxes. In Bronnenkant’s kitchen, using his wife’s cookie sheets, the men tested several thermoplastics, settling on an FDA-approved food packaging product. To it, they added calcium to make the loop visible on X-ray. “We later had requests from distributors in Brazil who wanted it made without calcium,” Lippes notes. “The women there didn’t want people to know they were using a contraceptive. It was still a question of cultural acceptance.”
Increasingly, though, the IUD was coming into its own, with more physicians accepting the once-shunned device. After keeping mum on the subject for three decades, the editors of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1959 published a 28-year review of IUDs by Willi Oppenheimer that deemed them to be safe and effective.
At that point, Lippes says, the lingering question was, Which device was best? To answer, the National Committee on Maternal Health evaluated four IUDs: The Hall-Stone Ring, the Margulies Spiral, the Bernberg Bow, and the Lippes Loop. Ultimately, its members concluded that while no one device was best in all areas it studied – expulsion rates, bleeding, pregnancy and continuation – the Lippes Loop was superior.
Their findings made the Loop the most widely prescribed IUD in the United States until the mid-1980s, when it would be supplanted by the Copper-T IUD.
Even as the Loop was emerging as the frontrunner among IUDs, Lippes was reluctant to patent it. “It was a matter of principle,” he says. “If it wasn’t patented it would be more widely issued, and I was more interested in seeing it available to as many people as possible. I figured my making money was not the most important thing,” He eventually decided to patent the Loop out of concern that it could otherwise be manufactured using substandard materials.
He then offered the patent to the Population Council, which declined due to Internal Revenue Service regulations that disallowed acceptance of royalties from grantee’s inventions, a regulation that has since changed. Next, he turned to Planned Parenthood, but the organization’s leadership declined, considering it a conflict of interest to profit from the only IUD available in their clinics. From there, he turned to UB. “I’m not sure who turned it down,” Lippes says, “but I was told that the university’s Foundation would not accept a penny from the sale of a contraceptive.”
Finally, Ortho purchased the patent, which was limited to Western countries, Japan and Israel. No Asian countries, which at that time were mostly poor, had to pay to make the Loop.
WORLDWIDE IMPLICATIONS
To spread word about the Loop abroad, the Population Council sent Lippes on a six-week world tour that included stops in Pakistan, Tunisia, Taiwan and South Korea. Throughout the journey he met with leaders interested in creating or improving family planning programs.
“One of my heart-rending experiences was hearing about the babies left on he steps of churches or orphanages,” recalls Lippes, a father of three. “In Korea, they took me through an orphanage, and there was this cute little boy holding up his arms. I held him as I went around the orphanage, and he clung to me. Then I had to put him down, and he started to cry. It was terrible for me to put that child down, but I had to do it and walk out. I get choked up just thinking about it.”
Several years after his trip, Lippes points out, the declining fertility rates that resulted from South Korea’s ambitious family planning campaign helped create favorable conditions for dramatic socioeconomic development. Part of the so-called Asian Economic Miracle from 1960 to 1990, South Korea enjoyed one of the five-fasted growing economies in the world as it shifted to smaller families. “There were no more orphanages, and they saved in terms of maternity care and schooling,” he says. “The economy improved because of a stable population. The country was transformed.”
Even now, Lippes takes pride in the Loop’s supporting role in that transformation – something he never envisioned when he began drafting designs for a better form of birth control a half a century ago. “The realization that the obstacles in creating the Loop could be overcome,” he says, “is homage to all the researchers who have contributed to the field of contraception.”
At the same time, he’s quick to keep his own accomplishment in perspective. Today, women have more than a half dozen birth control methods available to them. There are more that 40 different configurations of birth control pills on the market. Although IUD is the world’s most widely used method of reversible birth control, it’s a bit player in the domestic market, used by fewer than 2 percent of American women.
“It gave me a lot of satisfaction, but it’s ancient history now,” Lippes says of his invention. “Everybody who knows me knows that in my heart of hearts, I’m just an old bagel baker. I know my roots.”
PUBLISHED WORKS
Intrauterine device
L Jack – US Patent3,250,271, 1966 – Google Patents
-It is a known medical fact that a foreign object in the uterus will prevent conception.
Heretofore, different Y types of intrauterine devices for-contraceptive purposes have been
proposed but none has been fully satisfactory. An important object of the present invention is …
Cited by 147 Related articles All 2 versions
Method for monitoring fetal-material circulation time
J Lippes – US Patent 4,821,732, 1989 – Google Patents
A method of monitoring fetal and maternal circulatory times as an indicator of fetal distress,
involving the detection and measurement of the concentration of a gas transdermally
diffused through the skin of the mother and the fetus, subsequent to inhalation of the gas by …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 2 versions
N-Acylethanolamines in human reproductive fluids
H Schuel, LJ Burkman, J Lippes, K Crickard… – Chemistry and Physics …, 2002 – Elsevier
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are an important family of lipid-signaling molecules.
Arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide)(AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and
oleoylethanolamide (OEA) are co-produced from similar phospholipid precursors when …
Cited by 208 Related articles All 9 versions
The collection and analysis of human fallopian tubal fluid
J Lippes, RG Enders, DA Pragay, WR Bartholomew – Contraception, 1972 – Elsevier
A technique for the collection of Human Tubal Fluid (HTF) has been presented. It is a one-
time procedure, coincident to other adominal surgery. The procedure has shown itself to be
safe on 37 consecutive cases. The greatest quantity of HTF was obtained near the day of …
Cited by 144 Related articles All 6 versions
Pelvic actinomycosis: a review and preliminary look at prevalence
J Lippes – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1999 – Elsevier
A review of the literature on pelvic actinomycosis reveals that actinomycetes normally reside
in the female genital tract. Therefore the identification of actinomycetes in the vagina or
cervix by any laboratory technique, including Papanicolaou smears with specific …
Cited by 147 Related articles All 10 versions
Laparoscopic findings in patients with pelvic pain
RG Cunanan, NG Courey, J Lippes – American Journal of Obstetrics & …, 1983 – ajog.org
We have reviewed 1, 194 charts of consecutive patients who had a diagnostic laparoscopy
for pelvic pain from January 1, 1972, to December 31, 1980, at the Deaconess Division of
the Buffalo General Hospital. A total of 749 of these patients had normal pelvic examinations …
Cited by 128 Related articles All 3 versions
Cytokines of the human reproductive tract
MD Srivastava, J Lippes… – American Journal of …, 1996 – Wiley Online Library
PROBLEM: How is it possible that the female genital tract immunologically does not reject
spermatooa nor the preimplantation and nidating embryo? METHODS: Four fluids of the
human reproductive tract, ie, human oviductal fluid (hOF), follicular fluid (FF), amniotic fluid …
Cited by 134 Related articles All 7 versions
Evidence that anandamide‐signaling regulates human sperm functions required for fertilization
H Schuel, LJ Burkman, J Lippes… – Molecular …, 2002 – Wiley Online Library
Ejaculated mammalian sperm require several hours exposure to secretions in female
reproductive tracts, or incubation in appropriate culture medium in vitro, before acquiring the
capacity to fertilize eggs. Arachidonylethanolamide (AEA), also known as anandamide, is a …
Cited by 135 Related articles All 5 versions
[CITATION] Silastic Lippes loop with crystalline provera.
JC Stryker, LL Doyle, TH Clewe, J Lippes – 1972
Cited by 11 Related articles
Complications of laparoscopic tubal sterilization.
JRG Cunanan, NG Courey, J Lippes – Obstetrics and gynecology, 1980 – europepmc.org
The experience of laparoscopic sterilization in 5018 cases at the Deaconess Division of
Buffalo General Hospital over a period of 8.5 years is presented. The procedure was
completed in 4992 cases, with a complication rate of less than 1% and with no operative …
Cited by 95 Related articles All 4 versions
Syncope and other vasovagal reactions at interval insertion of lippes loop D—Who is most vulnerable?
I Chi, LR Wilkens, AJ Siemens, J Lippes – Contraception, 1986 – Elsevier
Syncope and other vasovagal reactions occasionally occur at or immediately after IUD
insertion. This analysis, using an international data set comprised of interval insertions of
Lippes Loop D, found that women who are primiparous (as compared to those who are …
Cited by 15 Related articles All 6 versions
Contraception with intrauterine plastic loops
J Lippes – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1965 – Elsevier
A flexible polyethylene plastic loop for intrauterine contraception which can be inserted
without dilation of the cervix gave an over-all pregnancy rate of 2.2 per 100 women per year,
4.8 for the smaller and 1.0 for the larger size. Menstrual and intermenstrual bleeding were …
Cited by 85 Related articles All 4 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid (hOF) proteins. IV. Evidence for hOF proteins binding to human sperm
J Lippes, PV Wagh – Fertility and sterility, 1989 – fertstert.org
In the management of infertile patients, it is well recognized that gamete intrafallopian
transfer (GIFT) has a higher success rate than in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
Oviducts produce unique proteins that may be responsible for the success of GIFT. Unique …
Cited by 74 Related articles All 4 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
The sequential effects of human cervical mucus, oviductal fluid, and follicular fluid on sperm function
J Zhu, CLR Barratt, J Lippes, AA Pacey, ID Cooke – Fertility and sterility, 1994 – Elsevier
Objective To compare the sequential effects of human cervical mucus (CM), oviductal fluid,
and follicular fluid (FF) on sperm motility, hyperactivation, and the acrosome reaction during
9 hours of incubation in vitro. Design Spermatozoa from a fertile donor were allowed to …
Cited by 63 Related articles All 7 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid proteins.
J Lippes, J Krasner, LA Alfonso, ED Dacalos… – Fertility and …, 1981 – europepmc.org
The popularity of mini-laparotomy provided an opportunity to easily collect human oviductal
fluid (HOF). Volumes of HOF produced by two oviducts per 24 hours correlated positively
with serum estradiol determinations, while protein concentration in HOF was inversely …
Cited by 62 Related articles All 5 versions
Immunohistologic localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component, and lactoferrin in the developing human fetus
SS Ogra, PL Ogra, J Lippes… – Proceedings of the …, 1972 – journals.sagepub.com
Immunohistological localization of γG, γA, γM, secretory component (SC) and lactoferrin (LF)
in various tissues of 8–22 week human fetuses was studied, using direct immunofluorescent
staining technique. No immunoglobulin-containing cells have been detected in various …
Cited by 61 Related articles All 3 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Prostaglandins in the human fallopian tube.
SS Ogra, KT Kirton, TB Tomasi Jr, J Lippes – Fertility and sterility, 1974 – ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
PIP: The concentration of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in human oviductal fluid was
determined, and the histological localization of PGF2 alpha was correlated with the
menstrual cycle to illuminate possible roles of oviductal PGF2 alpha in human luteolysis …
Cited by 56 Related articles All 5 versions
[CITATION] A study of intra-uterine contraception: development of a plastic loop.
J Lippes – 1962
Cited by 55 Related articles
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid proteins. III. Identification and partial purification
PV Wagh, J Lippes – Fertility and sterility, 1989 – Elsevier
The role of the macromolecular constituents of human oviductal fluid (hOF) in reproductive
physiology is poorly understood. Oviductal fluid contains proteins derived by transudation
from serum and those synthesized and secreted by the tubal mucosa. In this communication …
Cited by 47 Related articles All 6 versions
Immunohistological localization of γG, γA, γM secretory piece and lactoferrin in the human female genital tract
J Lippes, S Ogra, TB Tomasi Jr, DR Tourville – Contraception, 1970 – Elsevier
The observations of particular importance presented in this study can be summarized as
follows: Immunoglobulins and secretory piece (SP) are present in appreciable amounts in
the endometrium, fallopian tubes and cervix. The stage of endometrial activity does not …
Cited by 48 Related articles All 2 versions
Effect of human follicular and tubal fluids on human, mouse and rat spermatozoa in vitro
AB Mukherjee, J Lippes – Canadian Journal of Genetics and …, 1972 – NRC Research Press
Human follicular and tubal fluids, as well as mixtures of the two, were tested on the
acrosome staining reaction of human, rat and mouse spermatozoa. In all three species, heat-
inactivated follicular fluid (56° C for 30 min) enhanced sperm motility, whereas non …
Cited by 39 Related articles All 4 versions
Human oviductal fluid prolongs sperm survival
J Zhu, CLR Barratt, J Lippes, AA Pacey, EA Lenton… – Fertility and sterility, 1994 – Elsevier
Objective To compare the effect of human oviductal fluid on sperm motility and
hyperactivation during 9 hours’ incubation in vitro with follicular fluid (FF) and medium
controls. Design Fertile donor spermatozoa were allowed to penetrate human cervical …
Cited by 42 Related articles All 5 versions
Choriocarcinoma of the ovary with coexisting normal pregnancy.
JRG Cunanan, J Lippes, PA Tancinco – Obstetrics and gynecology, 1980 – europepmc.org
Either your web browser doesn’t support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter
case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page … Choriocarcinoma
of the ovary with coexisting normal pregnancy … A rare case of ovarian choriocarcinoma coexistent …
Cited by 29 Related articles All 7 versions
Severe pain at interval IUD insertion: a case-control analysis of patient risk factors
…, LR Wilkens, CS Waszak, AJ Siemens, J Lippes – Contraception, 1986 – Elsevier
This investigation, using a case-control analysis approach on an IUD data set from a less-
developed country center, delineated four risk factors in patient characteristics that are
associated with severe pain at interval IUD insertion. They are: higher education (≥ seven …
Cited by 26 Related articles All 6 versions
[PDF] semanticscholar.org
[PDF] Quinacrine sterilization: the imperative need for American clinical trials
J Lippes – Fertility and sterility, 2002 – pdfs.semanticscholar.org
Quinacrine sterilization has been studied for over 20 years, ever since Dr. Jaime Zipper
realized that it had the potential for sclerosing the mucosa of the human oviductal lumen (1).
He took the technique from chest surgeons, who had safely and effectively used quinacrine …
Cited by 24 Related articles All 8 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid proteins. V. Identification of human oviductin-I as alpha-fetoprotein
PV Wagh, J Lippes – Fertility and sterility, 1993 – fertstert.org
Objective To investigate whether human oviductin-I (hOV-I) from human oviductal fluid (hOF)
and human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP) are identical molecules. Design Comparison of amino
acid and carbohydrate composition of hOV-I with that of hAFP. Isolation of hAFP from …
Cited by 20 Related articles All 3 versions
Hepatocyte growth factor in human milk and reproductive tract fluids
MD Srivastava, J Lippes… – American Journal of …, 1999 – Wiley Online Library
Srivastava MD, Lippes J, Sahai Srivastava BI. Hepatocyte growth factor in human milk and
reproductive tract fluids. AJRI 1999; 42: 347–354© Munksgaard, Copenhagen PROBLEM:
Despite evidence indicating a role for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in gastrointestinal and …
Cited by 19 Related articles All 4 versions
Infection and the IUD: a preliminary report
J Lippes – Contraception, 1975 – Elsevier
This is a preliminary report to answer the question:“Does the IUD increase the incidence of
pelvic infection?” From one hospital, the percentage of young women with a discharge
diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) who were wearing an IUD at the time of …
Cited by 17 Related articles All 5 versions
[CITATION] Comparative study of loops and orals.
J Lippes, SS Ogra – 1969
Cited by 13 Related articles
A five-year comparison of the continuation rates between women using loop D and oral contraceptives
J Lippes, JG Feldman – Contraception, 1971 – Elsevier
Data gathered from the Buffalo Planned Parenthood Center for the years 1962–1968, on the
use of the pill by 2,000 women and the use of loop D by 1,400 women, permitted a five-year
comparison of continuation rates between the groups of women. Since women on oral …
Cited by 12 Related articles All 4 versions
[PDF] aphapublications.org
[PDF] Patterns and purposes of oral contraceptive use by economic status.
JG Feldman, S Ogra, J Lippes… – American journal of …, 1971 – ajph.aphapublications.org
Method The determination of economic status was based upon per capita family income.
Because of the limited income range of mhost women attending the Planned Parenthood
Center,’it was only possible t6 obtain data f6r three economic classes: low, low-middle and …
Cited by 12 Related articles All 10 versions
The use of chlorpromazine and lomotil to prevent and/or reduce the side effects of prostaglandin E2 used for abortion
J Lippes, M Hurd – Contraception, 1975 – Elsevier
Suppositories of PGE 2 were utilized to induce abortion in 30 midtrimester patients. Side
effects were reduced by a combination of premedication and concurrent medication
consisting of chlorpromazine and lomotil. All gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea …
Cited by 12 Related articles All 4 versions
Quinacrine-induced occlusive fibrosis in the human fallopian tube is due to a unique inflammatory response and modification of repair mechanisms
RG Growe, MI Luster, PA Fail, J Lippes – Journal of reproductive …, 2013 – Elsevier
Quinacrine has been widely used in treatment of parasitic diseases such as malaria and
giardiasis, and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Quinacrine has also been used as
an effective substitute for surgical contraception by causing occlusion of the fallopian tube …
Cited by 11 Related articles All 4 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid proteins. VI. Correlation between alpha-fetoprotein and serum levels of ovarian hormones
J Lippes, PV Wagh – Fertility and sterility, 1993 – Elsevier
Objective To determine the relationship, if any, between the ovarian hormonal status of
women and levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in their oviductal fluid. The threshold questions
were the following:(1) does the presence of AFP in human oviductal fluid (hOF) represent a …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 5 versions
Method for monitoring fetal-material circulation time
J Lippes – US Patent 4,821,732, 1989 – Google Patents
A method of monitoring fetal and maternal circulatory times as an indicator of fetal distress,
involving the detection and measurement of the concentration of a gas transdermally
diffused through the skin of the mother and the fetus, subsequent to inhalation of the gas by …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 2 versions
Observations after four years of experience with the intrauterine plastic loop at the buffalo planned parenthood center
J Lippes – Journal of Sex Research, 1967 – Taylor & Francis
” One would have thought that it was even more necessary to limit population than property,
and that the limit should be fixed by calculating the chances of mortality in the children and
of sterility in married persons. The neglect of this subject, which in existing states is so …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 2 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
Human oviductal fluid proteins. II. Preparation of an antiserum to a human oviductal fluid protein: existence of autoantibodies against it in some sera
J Lippes, CJ van Oss, PM Bronson, LA Alfonso… – Fertility and …, 1983 – fertstert.org
Rabbit antisera elicited by injection of human oviductal fluid (HOF) and rendered specific by
absorption with human kidney and human serum revealed the presence of two possibly
HOF-specific antigen (s). One antigen was detected by immunodiffusion in 14 of the 14 fluids …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 4 versions
IUD-related hospitalization and mortality
J Lippes – Jama, 1976 – jamanetwork.com
To the Editor.—It was with much interest that I read the two articles by Kahn and Tyler (234:
53-57, 1975) discussing IUD-related hospitalization and mortality. It seems to me in the
reports of IUD-associated mortality that cases 1 and 2 resulted from unnecessary surgery …
Cited by 9 Related articles All 3 versions
[HTML] sciencedirect.com
[HTML] Quinacrine sterilization (QS): time for reconsideration
J Lippes – Contraception, 2015 – Elsevier
Abstract Dr. Jaime Zipper, the Chilean inventor of the quinacrine method of nonsurgical
permanent contraception, was aware that when chest surgeons injected quinacrine into the
pleural cavity to treat and prevent reoccurrence of pleural effusion, it resulted in the …
Cited by 10 Related articles All 11 versions
[PDF] ajog.org
The making of the first loop
J Lippes – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2018 – insights.ovid.com
Related editorial, page 127. Editor’s Note: The American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology (AJOG) rarely prints previously published work. However, when provided with
the opportunity to republish Dr Jack Lippes’ original manuscript describing the evolution of …
Cited by 8 Related articles All 4 versions
[CITATION] The dilution effect on surface tension of cervical mucus and its variability with the menstrual cycle
J Lippes, LB Hurwitz – Fertility and sterility, 1965 – Elsevier
The force which separates two different fluids is an interfacial one, commonly expressed as
surface tension. Cervical mucus has been the object of numerous studies to correlate
physical variations with the menstrual cycle. 1• u, 7-u, 11• 12 On searching the literature …
Cited by 7 Related articles All 4 versions
A four-year comparison between the utilization and use-effectiveness of sequential and combined oral contraceptives
JG Feldman, J Lippes – Contraception, 1971 – contraceptionjournal.org
A comparison of the utilization and effectiveness of the pill between comparable groups of
women on sequential and combined doses was based on data gathered for 2,000 women
from the Buffalo Planned Parenthood Center. The type of pill prescribed for women in this …
Cited by 7 Related articles All 3 versions
The loop, age 7 with five significant years of observation.
J Lippes, SS Ogra – International journal of fertility, 1968 – ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
PIP: In a 5 year study of 32,137 women months of loop” D”, the major reasons for
discontinuance of its use have been bleeding and/or pain, and expulsions. The longer a
patient wears a loop, the less likely is expulsion, bleeding and/or pain. There is no evidence …
Cited by 7 Related articles All 3 versions
[HTML] sciencedirect.com
[HTML] A critical examination of the mode of action of quinacrine in the reproductive tract in a 2-year rat cancer bioassay and its implications for human clinical use
…, E Zeiger, EE McConnell, MI Luster, J Lippes – Regulatory Toxicology …, 2015 – Elsevier
A rat carcinogenicity bioassay (CaBio) of quinacrine was reanalyzed to investigate its mode
of tumor induction. Quinacrine’s effects in the rat uterus when administered as a slurry in
methylcellulose were contrasted with the human clinical experience which uses a solid form …
Cited by 6 Related articles All 6 versions
[CITATION] Instructions for the insertion of an intra-uterine loop.
J Lippes – 1962
Cited by 6 Related articles
[HTML] fertstert.org
Quinacrine sterilization for human immunodeficiency virus–positive women
…, EB Magalhães, AF Camargos, J Lippes… – Fertility and sterility, 2009 – Elsevier
Objective To evaluate the safety of nonsurgical quinacrine sterilization for HIV-positive
(HIV+) women. Design An open trial of quinacrine sterilization was carried out in women
infected with HIV and women who were HIV negative (HIV−). Comparison of the results with …
Cited by 6 Related articles All 8 versions
An alternative interpretation of,“A lifetime cancer bioassay of quinacrine administered into the uterine horns of female rats”
EE McConnell, J Lippes, RG Growe, P Fail… – Regulatory Toxicology …, 2010 – Elsevier
This companion article offers an alternative interpretation for the quinacrine-induced uterine
tumors observed in a 2-year bioassay in rats (CaBio, Cancel et al., 2010), and provides
additional data from two new experiments that support a different interpretation and analysis …
Cited by 4 Related articles All 7 versions
[PDF] fertstert.org
[CITATION] Use-effectiveness of oral contraceptives by demographic characteristics.
S Ogra, JG Feldman, J Lippes – 1970 – Buffalo New York State University of …
Cited by 4 Related articles All 6 versions
[CITATION] Quinacrine sterilization safety and efficacy
J Lippes – American Public Health Association Annual Meeting …, 1999
Cited by 4 Related articles
A birth control alternative.
J Lippes – Science, 2002 – go.galegroup.com
” RESEARCH ON CONTRACEPTION STILL IN THE doldrums”(C. Holden, Reproductive
Biology Special Issue, News, 21 June, p. 2172) is an excellent review of the birth control
field, with one glaring exception. It omits” sterilization,” specifically trancervical chemical …
Cited by 3 Related articles All 5 versions
[PDF] semanticscholar.org
[PDF] What is the future for quinacrine sterilization?
J Lippes – Fertility and sterility, 2001 – pdfs.semanticscholar.org
The companion papers of Sokal and coworkers in the December 2000 issue of the journal
describe their attempt through a retrospective survey to confirm the reported efficacy and
safety of quinacrine sterilization in Vietnam (1, 2). Data presented on safety confirm the …
Cited by 3 Related articles All 6 versions
Transcervical polidocanol as a nonsurgical method of female sterilization: a pilot study
J Lippes – Contraception, 2005 – contraceptionjournal.org
To the Editor: The article by Jensen et al.[1] is of interest evaluating polidocanol as a new
sclerosing agent, which might be used for transcervical chemical sterilization. This paper
leaves the impression that quinacrine sterilization (QS) is not ready for clinical trials because …
Cited by 2 Related articles All 8 versions
[PDF] aphapublications.orgFull View
[PDF] Participation of area hospitals in family planning.
J Lippes, CL Randall – … Journal of Public Health and the …, 1966 – ajph.aphapublications.org
FOR several years it has become in-creasingly evident that in Buffalo, as in the majority of
the larger American cities, additional family planning clinics were desirable to serve the
increasing numbers of medically indigent patients requesting assistance. In the Buffalo …
Cited by 2 Related articles All 5 versions
[CITATION] Intrauterine contraception.
J Lippes – 1982 – Baltimore Maryland Williams and …
Cited by 2 Related articles
Long-term risk of reproductive cancer among Vietnamese women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system vs. intrauterine devices or tubal ligation for …
…, A Tave, JC Pezzullo, S Kardia, J Lippes – The European Journal …, 2017 – Taylor & Francis
Objectives: To determine the long-term risk of reproductive tract cancer in women using the
quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system of permanent contraception (QS) relative to the
comparable risk in women using Copper T intrauterine device (IUD) or tubal ligation surgery …
Cited by 1 Related articles All 4 versions
[CITATION] A five-year comparative study of loops and orals.
J Lippes, J Feldman – 1972
Cited by 1 Related articles
KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR (KGF/FGF-7) IN HUMAN MILK AND AMNIOTIC FLUID: POTENTIAL IN GASTROINTESTINAL DEVELOPMENT
MD Srivastava, J Lippes – Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology …, 1999 – journals.lww.com
KGF is a 28 kD glycoprotein and angiogenesis factor made by mesenchymal cells that
promotes the proliferation and differentiation of epithelia, including mucosal cells of the
gastrointestinal tract. In animal models, supplemental KGF promotes healing of colitis and …
Cited by 1 Related articles
J: Lippes received a medical degree from the
J Lippes – Zur Geschichte der Endokrinologie und …, 1995 – books.google.com
Parenthood Federation of America. Lehfeldt wrote to me explaning that the use of an IUD in
the United States could be considered malpractice. This reply reflected the attitute of the
medical profession of that day. Shortly thereafter, I visited Hans Lehfeldt and, while driving …
[PDF] Quinacrine Sterilization (QS): Time for Reconsideration
J Lippes – 2015 – researchgate.net
Abstract Dr. Jaime Zipper, the Chilean inventor of the quinacrine method of nonsurgical
permanent contraception, was aware that when chest surgeons injected quinacrine into the
pleural cavity to treat and prevent reoccurrence of pleural effusion, it resulted in the …
Related articles All 2 versions
[PDF] uswr.ac.ir
[PDF] Sketches The making of the first loop
J Lippes – dl.uswr.ac.ir
- Design In my private practice I began inserting handmade Oppenheimer rings. Ota rings
imported from Japan were tried. It was found that the small lentil-shaped polyethylene (PE)
disc in the centre of the Ota ring necessitated considerable dilatation of the cervix, which …
Interception
J Lippes – Prevention and Treatment of Contraceptive Failure, 1986 – Springer
Abstract In 1960, Christopher Tietze presented a paper on the “Probability of Pregnancy
Resulting from a Single Unprotected Coitus.” He determined that the risk varied between
one in 25 and one in 50. Couples who engage in intercourse without contraception find that …
Related articles
[PDF] aphapublications.org
[PDF] Comments on sterilization methods in China.
M Potts, IC Chi, J Lippes – American journal of public …, 1985 – ajph.aphapublications.org
Bullough and Bullough draw attention to the non-surgical transcervical method of female
sterilization devel-oped in China.’All methods of fertility regulation raise important medical
and ethical issues. Approximately 95 million couples worldwide are currently protected from …
Related articles All 9 versions
[CITATION] lJke MaJkieg o} line JriirsIL
J Lippes – Medical history in Buffalo, 1846-1996 …, 1996 – … of the Health Sciences Library and …
[PDF] researchgate.net
[PDF] A critical examination of the mode of action of quinacrine in the
…, E Zeiger, EE McConnell, MI Luster, J Lippes – 2015 – researchgate.net
abstract 33 A rat carcinogenicity bioassay (CaBio) of quinacrine was reanalyzed to
investigate its mode of tumor 34 induction. Quinacrine’s effects in the rat uterus when
administered as a slurry in methylcellulose were 35 contrasted with the human clinical …
Related articles All 2 versions
[CITATION] Comparisons of two copper-bearing loops (size A), copper T and loop D plain.
J Lippes, M Zielezny, PA Ferro… – Advances in planned …, 1974 – europepmc.org
Author: Lippes J, Journal: Advances in planned parenthood[1974].
Related articles All 2 versions
Long-term risk of hysterectomy and ectopic pregnancy among Vietnamese women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system vs. intrauterine devices or tubal …
…, A Tave, JC Pezzullo, S Kardia, J Lippes – The European Journal …, 2018 – Taylor & Francis
Objectives: Determine the long-term risk of hysterectomy and ectopic pregnancy in women
using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system of permanent contraception (QS) relative to
the comparable risk in women using Copper T intrauterine device (IUD) or tubal ligation …
Related articles All 4 versions
[CITATION] List of Reviewers for 1987
…, RK Laros Jr, SA Lederman, MD Lindheimer, J Lippes…
A FOUR-YEAR COMPARISON BETWEEN THE UTILIZATION AND USE-EFFECTIVENESS OF SEQUENTIAL AND COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
JG FELDMAN, J LIPPES – Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 1966 – journals.lww.com
All 2 versions
PATTERNS AND PURPOSES OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE BY ECONOMIC STATUS
JG FELDMAN, S OGRA, J LIPPES… – … & Gynecological Survey, 1972 – journals.lww.com
Recent Comments